What does non-ionizing radiation cause?

Non-ionizing radiation primarily refers to low-frequency radiation, which includes electromagnetic fields, visible light, radio waves, and microwaves. Unlike ionizing radiation, which has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, non-ionizing radiation does not carry enough energy to cause ionization in biological tissues.

However, non-ionizing radiation can still produce effects on the body. It predominantly causes thermal effects—heating tissues as a result of energy absorption. While it does not damage deep body tissues and organs in the way that ionizing radiation does, overexposure to specific types of non-ionizing radiation (such as microwaves) can lead to tissue heating that might affect the functioning or structural integrity of deeper tissues, potentially causing physiological changes or discomfort. Thus, while the damage might not be as severe or immediate as with ionizing radiation, it can still have detrimental effects under certain conditions.

The other choices reference phenomena associated primarily with ionizing radiation or incorrect interpretations of non-ionizing effects, making them less relevant to the question at hand.